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Real Analog - Circuits 1
"Real Analog" is a comprehensive collection of free educational materials that seamlessly blend hands-on design projects with
theoretical concepts and circuit analysis techniques. Developed for university "Circuits" classes by practicing engineers
and experienced educators, Real Analog is centered on a newly-written 12-chapter textbook and features:
- More than 40 video lectures that follow the text, each with downloadable lecture notes;
- Exercises designed to reinforce textbook and lecture topics;
- Homework assignments for every chapter;
- Multiple design projects that reinforce and extend theoretical concepts;
- Worksheets and videos to help students complete design projects outside of the lab.
Design projects use Digilent's $99*
Analog Discovery
and $49*
Analog Parts Kit
that together include everything needed to
build and test a wide variety of analog circuits - the Analog Discovery includes a dual-channel oscilloscope, waveform
generator, power supplies, digital I/O channels and more, and the Analog Parts Kit includes a breadboard, jumper wires,
more than 20 integrated circuits from Analog Devices, and a wide variety of sensors, resistors, capacitors, discrete
semiconductors, and other components.
Real Analog, the Analog Discovery and Analog Parts Kit form the core of a world-class engineering educational program that
can be used by themselves or in support of existing curricular materials. Students with their own design kits learn more,
learn faster, retain information longer, and have a more enjoyable experience - now every student can take charge of their
education for less than the cost of a textbook!
Note: To see the previous version of Circuits 1 along with the original text, click
here.
* student prices
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Click the "Show/Hide" buttons to expand each chapter.
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| Chapter 1: Circuit Analysis Fundamentals |
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Chapter 1 text |
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In this chapter, we introduce all fundamental concepts associated with circuit analysis. Electrical circuits
are constructed in order to direct the flow of electrons to perform a specific task. In other words, in
circuit analysis and design, we are concerned with transferring electrical energy in order to accomplish
a desired objective.
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Lecture 1 video
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Lecture 1 slides |
Course overview, basic circuit parameters, passive sign convention |
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Lecture 2 video
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Lecture 2 slides |
Power generation & absorption, power sources, resistance |
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Lecture 3 video
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Lecture 3 slides |
Review, Kirchoff's current law, Kirchoff's voltage law |
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Lecture 4 video
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Lecture 4 slides |
Circuit analysis examples, series & parallel circuit elements |
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Lab 1 video 1 |
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DMM Usage: Measuring voltage, current, and resistance using a hand-held digital multimeter. Using breadboards to implement circuits |
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Lab 1 video 2 |
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Resistors 1: Physical resistors. Nominal resistance values from color codes. Resistance measurement using ohmeters or measured voltage and current. |
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Lab 1 video 3 |
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Dependent Sources: MOSFETs and BJTs as dependent sources.
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Lab 1 video 4 |
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Applications: Concept applications: dusk-to-dawn light and temperature measurement.
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Lab 1.1 |
1.1 worksheet |
Solderless Breadboards, Open-circuits and Short-circuits |
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Lab 1.2.1 |
1.2.1 worksheet |
Independent Power Supplies, Ammeters, and Voltmeters |
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Lab 1.2.2 |
1.2.2 worksheet |
Dependent Sources and MOSFETs |
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Lab 1.3.1 |
1.3.1 worksheet |
Resistors and Ohms Law - Resistance Variations |
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Lab 1.3.2 |
1.3.2 worksheet |
Resistors and Ohms Law - Voltage-Current Characteristics |
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Lab 1.4.1 |
1.4.1 worksheet |
Dusk-to-Dawn Light |
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Lab 1.4.2 |
1.4.2 worksheet |
Resistive Network Power Dissipation |
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Lab 1.4.3 |
1.4.3 worksheet |
Input Resistance |
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Lab 1.4.4 |
1.4.4 worksheet |
Temperature Measurement System |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 1 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 1 homework problems |
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Background 1 |
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Background material for lab 1.4.4: Resistive Temperature Sensors |
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| Chapter 2: Circuit Reduction |
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| Chapter 3: Nodal and Mesh Analysis |
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| Chapter 4: Systems and Network Theorems |
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Chapter 4 text |
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In this chapter, we introduce the concept of a systems level approach to circuit analysis. In this type of approach,
we represent the circuit as a system with some inputs and outputs. We then characterize the system by the
mathematical relationship between the system inputs and the system outputs. This relationship is called the
input-output relation for the system.
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Lecture 10 video
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Lecture 10 slides |
Linear systems and superposition, Thévenin and Norton's Theorems |
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Lecture 11 video
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Lecture 11 slides |
Thévenin and Norton's Theorems & examples, source transformations, maximum power transfer |
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Lecture 12a video
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Lecture 12a slides |
Derivation of maximum power transfer, Thévenin theorem examples, operational amplifiers |
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Lab 4 video 1 |
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Superposition: Validation of superposition in cases of (a) multiple discrete sources, and (b) single sources with multiple components. |
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Lab 4 video 2 |
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Two-Terminal Networks : Measuring voltage-current characteristics of two-terminal networks. Measurement techniques used are introduced in Resistors I and Resistors II videos. |
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Lab 4 video 3 |
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Thevenin's theorem: Experimental validation of Thevenin's theorem. Measurement techniques used are introduced in Resistors I and Resistors II videos.
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Lab 4.3.1 |
4.3.1 worksheet |
Superposition |
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Lab 4.3.2 |
4.3.2 worksheet |
Superposition |
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Lab 4.4.1 |
4.4.1 worksheet |
Two-terminal Characteristics |
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Lab 4.5.1 |
4.5.1 worksheet |
Thévenin's Theorem |
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Lab 4.6.1 |
4.6.1 worksheet |
Maximum Power Transfer |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 4 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 4 homework problems |
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| Chapter 5: Operational Amplifiers |
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| Chapter 6: Energy Storage Elements |
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| Chapter 7: First Order Circuits |
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Chapter 7 text |
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First order systems are, by definition, systems whose input-output relationship is a first order differential equation.
A first order differential equation contains a first order derivative but no derivative higher than first order - the
order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation.
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Lecture 16b video
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Lecture 16b slides |
Inductors, introduction to first-order circuits, RC circuit natural response |
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Lecture 17 video
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Lecture 17 slides |
RL circuit natural response, general first-order system natural response, first-order circuit examples |
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Lecture 18 video
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Lecture 18 slides |
Forced response of first-order circuits, active first-order system examples, step response of first-order circuits |
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Lecture 19 video
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Lecture 19 slides |
Steady-state response & DC gain, step response examples |
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Lecture 20a video
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Lecture 20a slides |
First-order circuit step response, introduction to second-order systems |
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Lab 7 video 1 |
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RC Circuit Natural Response: We create an RC circuit natural response in two ways: by (1) converting the source to an open circuit and (2) converting the source to a short-circuit. |
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Lab 7 video 2 |
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RC Circuit Forced Response: The step responses of both passive and active first-order RC circuits are measured. Loading effects on the two circuits are examined. |
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Lab 7.2.1 |
7.2.1 worksheet |
Passive RC Circuit Natural Response |
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Lab 7.3.1 |
7.3.1 worksheet |
Passive RL Circuit Natural Response |
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Lab 7.4.1 |
7.4.1 worksheet |
Inverting Differentiator |
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Lab 7.5.1 |
7.5.1 worksheet |
Passive RC Circuit Step Response |
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Lab 7.5.2 |
7.5.2 worksheet |
Passive RL Circuit Step Response |
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Lab 7.5.3 |
7.5.3 worksheet |
Active RC Circuit Step Response |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 7 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 7 homework problems |
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| Chapter 8: Second Order Circuits |
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Chapter 8 text |
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Second order systems are, by definition, systems whose input-output relationship is a second order differential
equation. A second order differential equation contains a second order derivative but no derivative higher than
second order.
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Lecture 20b video
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Lecture 20b slides |
First-order circuit step response, introduction to second-order systems |
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Lecture 21 video
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Lecture 21 slides |
Second-order circuit natural response, sinusoidal signals & complex exponentials |
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Lecture 22 video
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Lecture 22 slides |
Second-order system natural response, mathematical form of solutions, qualitative interpretation |
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Lecture 23 video
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Lecture 23 slides |
Second-order system step response, governing equation, mathematical expression, estimating step response, examples |
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Lab 8 video 1 |
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Second Order Circuit Step Response: Measuring the step response of a series RLC circuit. The measured peak value of the response is compared to analytical expectations.
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Lab 8.5.1 |
8.5.1 worksheet |
Series RLC Circuit Step Response |
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Lab 8.5.2 |
8.5.2 worksheet |
Parallel RLC Circuit Response |
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Lab 8.5.3 |
8.5.3 worksheet |
RLC Circuit Response |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 8 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 8 homework problems |
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| Chapter 9: Introduction to State Variable Models |
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Chapter 9 text |
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In this chapter, we will provide a very brief introduction to the topic of state variable modeling. The brief
presentation provided here is intended simply to introduce the reader to the basic concepts of state variable
models, since they are a natural - and relatively painless - extension of the analysis approach we have used in
Chapters 7 and 8.
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Lecture 24 video
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Lecture 24 slides |
Introduction to state-variable modeling, simulating system response using MATLAB |
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Lab 9 video 1 |
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State Variable Models: The step response of the state variables of a series RLC circuit are measured. The measurements are compared to the simulated response obtained by using MATLAB.
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Lab 9.3.1 |
9.3.1 worksheet |
State Variable Model of Series RLC Circuits |
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Lab 9.3.2 |
9.3.2 worksheet |
Second Order Circuit Response |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 9 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 9 homework problems |
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| Chapter 10: Steady-state Sinusoidal Analysis |
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| Chapter 11: Frequency Response and Filtering |
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| Chapter 12: Steady-State Sinusoidal Power |
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Chapter 12 text |
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In this chapter we will address the issue of power transmission via sinusoidal (or AC) signals. This topic is
extremely important, since the vast majority of power transmission in the world is performed using AC voltages
and currents.
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Lecture 31 video
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Lecture 31 slides |
Sinusoidal steady-state power, instantaneous & average power, reactive power, complex power, power factor |
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Lecture 32 video
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Lecture 32 slides |
Review: AC power analysis (average & complex power, power triangles, RMS values, power factor), power factor correction |
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Lab 12 video 1 |
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AC Power & Power Factor: An example of the role of power factor in the transmission of AC power. Power factor correction is used to improve the efficiency of power transmission.
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Lab 12.4.1 |
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Apparent Power and Power Factor |
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Exercise Solutions |
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Chapter 12 exercise solutions |
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Homework |
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Chapter 12 homework problems |
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